1) Elkis H, Buckley PF. Treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2016;39:239-265.
2) Lindenmayer JP. Treatment refractory schizophrenia. Psychiatr Q 2000;71:373-384.
3) Kennedy JL, Altar CA, Taylor DL, Degtiar I, Hornberger JC. The social and economic burden of treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2014;29:63-76.
4) Lieberman JA, Safferman AZ, Pollack S, Szymanski S, Johns C, Howard A, et al. Clinical effects of clozapine in chronic schizophrenia: response to treatment and predictors of outcome. Am J Psychiatry 1994;151:1744-1752.
7) Loo C. ECT in the 21st century: optimizing treatment. J ECT 2010;26:157.
8) Pagnin D, de Queiroz V, Pini S, Cassano GB. Efficacy of ECT in depression: a meta-analytic review. J ECT 2004;20:13-20.
9) Rosenquist PB, Youssef NA, Surya S, McCall WV. When all else fails: the use of electroconvulsive therapy for conditions other than major depressive episode. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2018;41:355-371.
10) Grover S, Sahoo S, Rabha A, Koirala R. ECT in schizophrenia: a review of the evidence. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2018;31:115-127.
13) Grover S, Chakrabarti S, Kulhara P, Avasthi A. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Management of Schizophrenia. Indian J Psychiatry 2017;59:S19-S33.
14) Lally J, Tully J, Robertson D, Stubbs B, Gaughran F, MacCabe JH. Augmentation of clozapine with electroconvulsive therapy in treatment resistant schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 2016;171:215-224.
15) Miller AL, Hall CS, Buchanan RW, Buckley PF, Chiles JA, Conley RR, et al. The Texas Medication Algorithm Project antipsychotic algorithm for schizophrenia: 2003 update. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65:500-508.
16) Petrides G, Malur C, Braga RJ, Bailine SH, Schooler NR, Malhotra AK, et al. Electroconvulsive therapy augmentation in clozapine-resistant schizophrenia: a prospective, randomized study. Am J Psychiatry 2015;172:52-58.
17) Pompili M, Lester D, Dominici G, Longo L, Marconi G, Forte A, et al. Indications for electroconvulsive treatment in schizophrenia: a systematic review. Schizophr Res 2013;146:1-9.
19) Sinclair DJ, Zhao S, Qi F, Nyakyoma K, Kwong JS, Adams CE. Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019;3:CD011847.
20) Kaster TS, Daskalakis ZJ, Daskalakis ZJ, Blumberger DM. Clinical effectiveness and cognitive impact of electroconvulsive therapy for schizophrenia: a large retrospective study. J Clin Psychiatry 2017;78:e383-e389.
21) Chanpattana W, Andrade C. ECT for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. J ECT 2006;22:4-12.
24) Nordanskog P, Dahlstrand U, Larsson MR, Larsson EM, Knutsson L, Johanson A. Increase in hippocampal volume after electroconvulsive therapy in patients with depression. J ECT 2010;26:62-67.
25) Takamiya A, Chung JK, Liang KC, Graff-Guerrero A, Mimura M, Kishimoto T. Effect of electroconvulsive therapy on hippocampal and amygdala volumes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2018;212:19-26.
27) Yrondi A, Péran P, Sauvaget A, Schmitt L, Arbus C. Structural-functional brain changes in depressed patients during and after electroconvulsive therapy. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2018;30:17-28.
32) Liu Y, Jia LN, Wu H, Jiang W, Wang Q, Wang D, et al. Adjuvant electroconvulsive therapy with antipsychotics is associated with improvement in auditory mismatch negativity in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2022;311:114484.
33) Gan JL, Duan HF, Cheng ZX, Yang JM, Zhu XQ, Gao CY, et al. Neuroprotective effect of modified electroconvulsive therapy for schizophrenia: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. J Nerv Ment Dis 2017;205:480-486.
34) Lotfi M, Jahromi MG, Firoozabadi A, Jahromi LR. Effect of adjuvant electroconvulsive therapy compared to antipsychotic medication alone on the brain metabolites of patients with chronic schizophrenia: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Iran J Psychiatry 2018;13:215-221.
35) Xia M, Wang J, Sheng J, Tang Y, Li C, Lim K, et al. Effect of electroconvulsive therapy on medial prefrontal γ-aminobutyric acid among schizophrenia patients. J ECT 2018;34:227-232.
36) Thomann PA, Wolf RC, Nolte HM, Hirjak D, Hofer S, Seidl U, et al. Neuromodulation in response to electroconvulsive therapy in schizophrenia and major depression. Brain Stimul 2017;10:637-644.
37) Gong J, Cui LB, Xi YB, Zhao YS, Yang XJ, Xu ZL, et al. Predicting response to electroconvulsive therapy combined with antipsychotics in schizophrenia using multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging. Schizophr Res 2020;216:262-271.
38) Jiang Y, Xia M, Li X, Tang Y, Li C, Huang H, et al. Insular changes induced by electroconvulsive therapy response to symptom improvements in schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019;89:254-262.
41) Yang X, Xu Z, Xi Y, Sun J, Liu P, Liu P, et al. Predicting responses to electroconvulsive therapy in schizophrenia patients undergoing antipsychotic treatment: baseline functional connectivity among regions with strong electric field distributions. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2020;299:111059.
43) Huang H, Jiang Y, Xia M, Tang Y, Zhang T, Cui H, et al. Increased resting-state global functional connectivity density of default mode network in schizophrenia subjects treated with electroconvulsive therapy. Schizophr Res 2018;197:192-199.
45) Wang J, Jiang Y, Tang Y, Xia M, Curtin A, Li J, et al. Altered functional connectivity of the thalamus induced by modified electroconvulsive therapy for schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2020;218:209-218.
49) Honea R, Crow TJ, Passingham D, Mackay CE. Regional deficits in brain volume in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies. Am J Psychiatry 2005;162:2233-2245.
50) Crow TJ, Chance SA, Priddle TH, Radua J, James AC. Laterality interacts with sex across the schizophrenia/bipolarity continuum: an interpretation of meta-analyses of structural MRI. Psychiatry Res 2013;210:1232-1244.
51) Cascella NG, Gerner GJ, Fieldstone SC, Sawa A, Schretlen DJ. The insula-claustrum region and delusions in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2011;133:77-81.
52) Palaniyappan L, Mallikarjun P, Joseph V, Liddle PF. Appreciating symptoms and deficits in schizophrenia: right posterior insula and poor insight. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011;35:523-527.